When talking about graphene, we need to first discuss the natural mineral graphite that is commonly existing in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are set up layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are very closely attached, yet the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will glide apart.
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From the perspective of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is linked to 3 various other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms create a regular hexagonal ring on the very same aircraft, extending to form a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, after that graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to peel a solitary layer framework.
Greater than 20 years ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there should be a means to acquire a single layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took a very “simple and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we compose a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers strongly connect that if tape can stick to the surface of paper, can it likewise adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into 2. Although the thickness of graphite currently is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have confirmed the usefulness of this technique – each time the tape is used, the graphite becomes thinner. By insisting on using this “mechanical exfoliation method” to duplicate the operation, they ultimately acquired a thin sheet containing just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
However, this technique of consistently exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has low production efficiency and can only be made use of to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the enhancement of clinical and technical degrees, the prep work approach of graphene has also made great progression. Presently, in addition to this conventional physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are also many techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox approach, solvent peeling technique, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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